StatGroup-19 is a scientific research group spontaneously born out of the desire to study and analyze the worldwide spreading outbreak of the CoviD-19 syndrome, due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. StatGroup-19 è un gruppo di ricerca scientifica nato spontaneamente per studiare l'epidemia di CoviD.19.
Post in evidenza
Covid-19 la nostra app è sempre attuale
Con l'assidua collaborazione Marco Mingione e Pierfrancesco Alaimo Di Loro abbiamo creato uno strumento web interattivo che consen...
giovedì 8 ottobre 2020
Niente Panico e mettiamo le mascherine
venerdì 2 ottobre 2020
Evolution of a WHO indicator: the cumulative incidence rate at 14 days
Andamento di un indicatore dell'OMS: il tasso di incidenza cumulata a 14 giorni
giovedì 24 settembre 2020
Comunicating science during the pandemic
(photo from here)
Every time we write a post about Covid-19, there is a question that invariably guides us: "How do we explain the epidemic so that even without technical education, people can be aware of what is happening?". Indeed, there is much more behind this question. There is the relationship between scientific communication, often technical and cold, and mass communication, driven by feelings and fears. Scientific journals are the place to communicate science. Impactful scientific work, a study that shakes the scientific community, has a high degree of reliability and, generally, requires a lot of time, a lot of work, and a lot of data.
Newspapers, blogs, social networks, on the other hand, are the main places to communicate with the mass (the mass media). Obviously, the mass media cannot wait for the times of science. Mass communication is "fast" and, at times, driven by the desire for the "scoop," the sensational. In a normal situation, the two ways of communicating don't often integrate.
This epidemic has brought the two worlds closer together: the scientific scoop's sensational and research have pervaded scientific journals. Scientific research's solidity and rationality have made its way into communicators who had never dealt with science. However, this is not necessarily a good thing.
Many high-profile scientific journals have stolen the way of communicating from the mass media. They give ample space to "intellectual exercises" on COVID (in "who has the longest model" style), based on uncertain hypotheses, on very few data and models approximate. Science, not the Daily Unknown, is full of them. In another era, scientific journals would have rejected all these intellectual exercises as inconsistent without batting an eye. At a time like this, giving space to poorly constructed studies without clear premises on the validity of the data and methods is an irresponsible act. The exploitation of these works is around the corner. We must be aware of it. The mass media do not have the skills to judge whether one research is valid or not. Somehow, they trust scientific communication, even if they do not always fully understand it. A communication distortion was, therefore, created.
From this distortion, a new mission is born, which is ours, but also of many other scientists (see the end of the post): to communicate concepts, models, results, which simultaneously have the same scientific solidity of well-done research and the typical immediacy of the phenomena that shake the masses. Communicating science through mass media is not trivial. Excellent examples are (some in Italian and some in English):
- https://barbaragallavotti.wordpress.com
- https://cattiviscienziati.com/
- https://www.isi-web.org/index.php/news-featured/20229-statisticians-react-to-the-news-every-week
- https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/
all blogs that take the space and time to explain things well.
Scientific communication on social media is still a very young and inconsistent creature; it does not have a well-defined identity. We are trying to give it one, starting with warning against the "ad hoc" manipulative sensationalism and elaborations that sometimes come together (see Sweden's case, a failure and not a panacea).
Let's not forget the responsibility that all of us communicators (of science and the masses) have. Better a little less media visibility and good research than an approximation and the search for the scoop to impress, sometimes upset (terrify) the masses. We reiterate that we do not cheer for science. We are not sellers of opinions, "science is not democratic"; it is competence, and this is what must be valued and defended.
Comunicare la scienza in tempi di pandemia
Ogni volta che scriviamo un post, c’è una domanda che immancabilmente ci guida: “Come facciamo a spiegare l’epidemia in modo che anche senza istruzione tecnica si abbia coscienza di cosa sta accadendo?”. In realtà, c’è molto di più dietro questa domanda, c’è il rapporto tra comunicazione scientifica, spesso tecnica e fredda, e comunicazione di massa, guidata da sentimenti e paure. Le riviste scientifiche sono il luogo per comunicare scienza. Un lavoro scientifico di impatto, un lavoro che scuote la comunità scientifica, ha un elevato grado di affidabilità e, generalmente, richiede molto tempo, molto lavoro e molti dati.
lunedì 14 settembre 2020
From August to September*
In August, we witnessed a gradual but constant increase in the infection from Covid-19. The number of new positives (in the definition of Civil Protection or daily incidence in epidemiological terminology) rose from about 250 cases at the end of July to about 1350 cases of the first week of September. The increase in daily incidence, in addition to almost tripling the positive totals numbers (in the definition of Civil Protection or prevalence in epidemiological language) going from about 12,500 cases to about 32,000 cases, it is projecting on the number of people hospitalized in intensive care.
In the first graph (Fig. 1), we show an indicator useful for controlling the trend changes in our interest quantity. The indicator is based on the crossing of two delayed moving averages: a short one (at seven days) and a long one (at 14 days). This method is widely used in the analysis of financial markets to confirm changes in the direction of the trends of the securities in which one is interested. Take, for example, two moving averages calculated on the value of a company's shares or a financial fund's value. The first of these two moving averages concerns a short duration while the second a more extended period. When the short moving average passes above the long moving average, there is a buy signal; the stock is increasing in value. Conversely, when the short moving average goes below the long average, there is a sell signal—the value drops.
In this graph, we analyze the number of hospitalized cases that occupy intensive care every day from the beginning of July to the first week of September. The crossing of the short and faster moving average (in red) from bottom to top with the longer and slower moving average (in blue) confirms a change in trend in intensive care admissions at the beginning of August, currently showing a strong tendency to increase.
To analyze this trend change in intensive care units' occupation, it is also interesting to look at the relationship between the number of cases admitted to intensive care and the number of patients hospitalized with milder symptoms. Suppose we consider the whole group of hospitalized people (in intensive care and with milder symptoms). In that case, this ratio represents an estimate of a crucial epidemiological indicator. That is the probability share of the "hospitalization in intensive care" event (in the epidemiological terminology odds, a term derived from the language of betting). The probability share of an event of interest is the ratio between the probabilities in favor of that event and the odds against it. To better understand how odds are used, let's think about betting. Imagine we have 100 men and 80 women; in these two groups, 90 men drank wine last week, and only 20 women did the same. The odds of drinking wine among men are 90 against 10, 9 (90: 10 = 9), while among women, it is 30 against 50, that is, it is 0.6 (30: 50 = 0.6). So if I had to bet who will drink wine during the next week between a man and a woman, I would undoubtedly prefer to bet that it will be a man. Indeed the share of men drinking wine is much higher than that of women. I can also calculate the ratio between the two quotas and see that men have an aptitude for drinking wine 15 times stronger than women (9: 0.6 = 15).
Building on this way of thinking, we try to analyze hospitalizations in intensive care. We are now observing the second graph (Fig. 2), where we report the respective probability share trend from the beginning of July to the first week of September. We can see that the level is still relatively stable, ranging between 5 and 9 (out of 100). The latter shows that there is still no significant change between critical and mild in the composition of total hospitalizations.
One sign of concern comes from the odds ratio. From the beginning of August, you can see a gradual increase in the level of critical hospitalizations compared to mild ones; it rises from about five against 100 to a value of about nine against 100. Between the low at the end of July and the first weeks in September, the ratio between the two quotas is approximately 1.75. In the last month, the latter means that the composition between intensive care admissions and regular ward admissions has changed, with intensive care admissions increased by approximately 75% compared to hospitalizations with mild symptoms.
*This post is born from a chat with Enrico Bucci https://cattiviscienziati.com/author/eb72enrico/
Da Agosto a Settembre*
Nel mese di Agosto abbiamo assistito ad un graduale ma costante aumento del contagio da Covid-19, con il numero dei nuovi positivi (nella definizione della Protezione Civile o incidenza giornaliera nella terminologia epidemiologica) che è salito da circa 250 casi di fine Luglio a circa 1350 casi di questa prima settimana di Settembre. Questo aumento dell’incidenza giornaliera, oltre a far quasi triplicare il numero dei totali positivi (nella definizione della Protezione Civile o prevalenza nel linguaggio epidemiologico) che passano da circa 12500 casi a circa 32000 casi, si sta proiettando sul numero di persone che vengono ricoverate in terapia intensiva.










